https://www.simplified.guide/linux/disk-health-check

Install

For ubuntu/debian based distros (which is what I primarly use presently)

sudo apt update -y && sudo apt install smartmontools -y

List hard drives

lsblk | grep disk is one way or sudo lshw -c disk is another

smartctl

Use a device's logical name such as dev/sda, not a partition of the disk

sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sda

dotfiles   home   ×3  ×2  ×2 via   v3.10.6(dotfiles)  took 11s
❯ sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.15.0-48-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION ===
Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode".
Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful.
Testing has begun.
Please wait 2 minutes for test to complete.
Test will complete after Fri Sep 23 05:59:39 2022 CDT
Use smartctl -X to abort test.

check status

sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda

dotfiles   home   ×3  ×2  ×2 via   v3.10.6(dotfiles)
❯ sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda
smartctl 7.1 2019-12-30 r5022 [x86_64-linux-5.15.0-48-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED